Hidden Crosses at Istanbul Archaeological Museum

The Archaeological Museum of Istanbul provides a captivating look into the ancient history of the region. However, it offers minimal information about the city’s Christian history spanning 14 centuries. Near the entrance, in the cafe garden, storage area, and courtyard, there are hidden crosses, which reflect the significant influence of the Byzantines. The Church History section remains in the outdoor courtyard, exposed to the elements

The Hidden Crosses series documents visible Christian artifacts and evidence where there is little or no signage. Some museums and archaeological sites tend to ignore and conceal either purposefully or unintentionally Christian history.

On multiple visits over the years to the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, I realize the courtyard provides the Christian history. The area adjacent and on the right side of the entrance provides a small glimpse to Byzantine history. We will start in this location.

On the Right side of the Courtyard

One of the first objects displayed is a baptism from Yalova (South of Istanbul beyond Buyuk Ada Islands). This was in a former Byzantine church across the water on the south side of Istanbul. The shape gives the testimony of the death of Christ.

The Byzantines entered from the West to cast off their sins and exited the baptism toward the East. The church structure still remains in the village of Çiftlikköy.^[1]https://gezente.com/ciftlikkoyde-sakli-bir-tarih-kara-kilise/ this site provides some good pictures of what remains. When observing the baptism, I ask my guest (s), what does this tell us about the Byzantines? First, they believed in immersion for baptism and the secondly, the cross shape stands out. Notice on the bottom left of the picture, a place for an additional cross. Based on the size of this baptism, the person squatted to go under the water, like in the Jesus Film.

The next item displays delicate flowering patterns with a partial peacock. This archway below is from the Church of St. Polyeuctus (Polieuktos) which was the largest church in Istanbul before Hagia Sophia.^[2]Excellent pictures of the site – https://kulturenvanteri.com/en/yer/ayios-polieuktos-kilisesi/#17.1/41.014123/28.953079 Located in Fatih area of Istanbul near the Byzantine Aqueduct, researchers are currently renovated the site that they call Saraçhane Archaeology Park. Some of the pillars, capitals and this archway come from that site. This church existed from the 6th to the 11th century. Also, the peacock and leafy grapes allude to Persian designs that the 4th and 5th century artisans borrowed. The three dimensional art work still amazes the mind and possibly originally these leaves were colored.

Christian Capitals at the Archaeological Museum

This Pier Capital from the Church of St. Polyeuctus, gives a glimpse of the importance of art to these early believers. The technical quality and unique motifs show the quality of artisan work in the 6th century. It is called a Pier Capital since it stood alone in its setting. Based on 2008 pictures online, it appears the capital has been cleaned, yet still sits exposed to the elements.^[3]https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum_Pier_capital_6th_C_CE_Church_of_St._Polyeuctus_2921.jpg

Proconnecian Marble came from the Marmara Island about 300 kilometers from Istanbul. This delicate work proceeded the Hagia Sophia art work by about a decade. The art work was so fine that elements of this church are found in Venice and Barcelona that the invaders carried off.^[4]https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291345?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents. This is an excellent write up about this church by R. Martin Harrison.

Row of Baptisms

Before entering the main museum, there are numerous baptisms on the right side. The courtyard displays four baptisms from the 5th to the 6th century. The common element is the shape of the cross, or the clover cross, similar to a fish that represents Christian commitment. On this row of items, the middle pillar came from near the Small Hagia Sophia, which is located south of the Hippodrome, near the water. This pillar is an example of early 2nd or 3rd-century artwork. Other hidden cross capitals and entry stones intermix in this section on the ground.

Byzantine Emperor Tombs

Just the left of the entrance to the Archaeological Museum lay four purple tombs. The Imperial Porphyry Tombs hosted the bodies of Byzantine Emperors previously. These tombs declare simple symbols of the cross and Christ being the Alpha and the Omega.^[5]https://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/imperial-porphyry-tombs.html – An excellent write up on these tombs. These tombs were found from the monastery area of St. Irene where domed tombs housed them. (Some similar tombs are still in the inner courtyard of that former church.)

All the emperors of the Byzantine time (94 in total) period were cast out of their tombs except for one. For when the Ottoman’s conquered Istanbul they took over the majority of the major church sites. Bob Atchison said, “Along with all of the Christian furnishings that were used in worship services and their decoration, the Ottomans cleared out all of the tombs and burials they could find.” For this reason, in the courtyard here and also Hagia Sophia, we see empty tombs desecrated.^[6]see https://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/imperial-porphyry-tombs.html Bob Atchison’s site gives the following list.

At the far end of the Archaeological Museum’s courtyard, you’ll find a marble grave that holds a significant place in history. Past multiple secular graves and up a ramp, you’ll discover the 6th-century Byzantine prince’s grave. This grave, remaining cover less and broken, was once part of the same mausoleum as Justinian. It bears witness to the consistent desecration that history has unfolded.

Now we have visited the courtyard, our next stop will be the hidden crosses near the offices and storage.